Reverse Osmosis (RO): This method utilizes semi-permeable membranes to separate salt and other impurities from water. Seawater or brackish water is pressurize and forced through the RO membranes, allowing water molecules to pass through while rejecting dissolve salts, minerals, and other contaminants. The purified water, known as permeate, is collected for use, while the concentrate brine stream is discharge or further treate.
Thermal Desalination: This method involves using heat to separate freshwater from saline water through evaporation and condensation. There are two primary thermal desalination processes:

A. Multi-Stage Flash (MSF): In the MSF process, seawater is heat in multiple stages, causing it to flash into steam. The steam is then condense to produce freshwater, while the remaining concentrated brine is discharge.

B. Multi-Effect Distillation (MED): In the MED process, seawater is heat in multiple stages of evaporators, each operating at successively lower pressures. The vapor generated in each stage is condense to produce freshwater, while the remaining brine is discharge.